role of hardness of potable water in the formation of urinary calculi in Uromich

The formation of renal and urinary calculi is not due to a single cause but occurs as a multifactor entity, by which some of them still are unknown. Three theories of Stones formation including nucleation, stone matrix and inhibition of crystallization do not accuse water hardness as a main cause of the formation of urinary calculi 120 patients suffering from renal and urinary calculi and the same number of control persons were studied in the city of Uromieh. The analysis of uroliths and water samples fulfilled the laboratory Standard methods Chi-square test was done on the results obtained The results of water analyses showed that the total hardness of Calcium and Magnesium were 300, 69, 32 mg/I as CaCo3, TDS, 410 mg/I, electrical conductivity 600 us/cm and water classified as very hard. The abundance of uroliths were, oxalate, cystjne, uric acid infectious respectively, There was no statistical significant association between water hardness and urinary calculi of patients under study with respect to age and sex. The abundance blood groups in patients were A, 0, AB and B respectively and the occurrence of 3 renal calculi mentioned above were more in men than Women The formation of renal stones were most occurred in summer season. The most abundant was calcium oxalate, the incidence was between the ages 30 to 50 years old and calcium stones were 2.7 times more in men than woman

study of wastewaters of industrial units discharged into the Ghator river in Khoy city, Iran

To find the quantity and quality of wastewaters of the two main industrial units of Khoy city in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, namely the Slaughterhouse and the Totia Chocolate Factory, ten composite samples were taken in 112 hour intervals between 3.5 and 7.5 A.M. [4 hours working shift] from the Slaughterhouse and between 7.5 A.M. and 2 P.M from the Totia Chocolate Factory [8hours working shift]. The analyses were done according to the latest [1985] edition of the Standard Methods. The results showed that water consumption rates of the Slaughterhouse and the Chocolate Factory were 29m3 and 31. Sm3, respectively, whereas the means of their wastewater flow rate per hour were 5.9m3 and 2.9m3, discharged directly into the Ghator River and its branches. The means of the fat substances, settleable solids, BOD5 and COD of the slaughter livestock in one working shift was 1451 mg/1. Comparing per capita per day BOD production of humans, reported to be 54 gram per day, we find that the BOD production of humans, reported to be 54 gram per day we find that BOD population equivalent of the Slaughterhouse waste was equivalent to BOD of 770 persons

Mottled enamel in a military educational center in Teheran, Iran

A survey of mottled enamel in a military educational center in Karaj area of metropolitan Tehran was conducted from August to September 1978, on a population of 1789 student, aged 18-23 gathered from 32 areas of Iran. Dean clinical standards used for diagnosing dental fluorsis and Orion lonalyzer Fluoride Electrode was used to determine the fluoride content of communal waters of endemic areas. The conclusion asserted is that the index of dental fluorsis in the population under the study is 0.04. The survey showed 15 mottled enamel area in Iran, with fluouide concentration of domestic and drinking water from 0.7 to 3.8 ppm